Fiber-based Paper
A layer of baryta has been applied to the surface of the base paper that is used to support the photo-sensitive layers. The baryta layer consists of white crystals of barium nitrate which have been mixed with gelatin. This layer forms a white reflecting surface and also fills in the spaces between the fibers of the base paper, making it more dense in texture. The base paper absorbs water. Therefore, to wash away all chemicals it is necessary to wash the prints thoroughly. However, if the washing process is too long, this can result in various problems so that care should be taken when washing prints. Washing methods include the running water washing method and the water-change washing method. Select the one which is the most efficient for the given situation.

RP (Resin Protected) Paper
The pulp layer of RP Papers is coated on both sides with a polyethylene film which prevents the passage of water and is coated on one side with a photo-sensitive emulsion. Since the base paper does not absorb water, it can be processed rapidly in the way film is processed. The base paper itself does not absorb water. Therefore, rapid processing is the most advantageous method. Care should be taken to see that the sharp corners of the prints do not pierce surface of prints when prints are being washed.


Fiber-Based Paper

New Seagull G is the finest paper to be produced by current photographic materials technology. On a thick, strong baryta base paper, images with sharp, vivid highlight, deep shadows and between them unlimited shades of gray are produced which have received the highest praise from photographers around the world. New Seagull G is a black white paper which has reached the peak of quality and has achieved the highest reputation. New seagull g paper can be used for archiving, original prints, exhibition prints and for other special uses.

For general-use enlargers with yellow-green filters, 15W bulbs should be used and the safelight should be at least one meter from the enlarger. New Seagull G is a high-sensitive paper and should not be exposed more than 10 minutes. Be careful with prints after they have been exposed.

Correct exposure times depend on the characteristics of the negatives being printed. To get good final prints, various exposure levels should be tested first.

Grade	ISO Speed	ISO Range
No. 2	P640	R100
No. 3	P400	R80
No. 4	P200	R60

Process	Processing Temperature	Processing Time
Development	20 +/- 0.5° C	90-120 sec.
Stop Bath	18-21° C	15-30 sec.
Fixing	18-21° C	5-10 min.
Washing	18-25° C	approx. 90 min.

Type	Base Paper	Weight	Texture	Tint	Image Tone	Grade
G	Fiber-based	Double Weight	Glossy, Smooth	White	Jet Black	2-4

1.) Developers
Almost all of the widely used commercially available developers for use with regular printing paper can be used (D-72, etc.) and will retain their usual characteristics.

Product	Dilution	Temperature	Time
D-72	1:2	20° C	90 sec.
ID-62	1:1	20° C	90 sec.
D-52	1:1	20° C	120 sec.

The developing times and temperatures will consist of the various combinations shown in the table above. However, temperatures can be as high as 30ƒ C. In such cases, the developing time is about 1/3 of the length indicated in the table above. When development takes place at 20ƒ C and exceeds a period of ten minutes, fogging occurs and the tonal gradations disappear and the unique features of New Seagull G are lost.

Exposure and development times
New Seagull G has a relatively wide exposure range. Compared with standard exposureÝ times, they range from 1/2 to 2 times. When these longer or shorter times are used, development times will become shorter or longer and no problems will be encountered.

· 1/2 exposure: D-72 (1:2) - 20ƒC - 8 min.
· Standard exposure: D-72 (1:2) - 20ƒC - 90 sec.
· 2X: D-72 (1:2) - 20ƒC - 30 sec.

For the stop bath, a solution of 1.5% of glacial acetic acid is used.
Time: 15 to 30 seconds.
Water: 1 liter
Glacial acetic acid: 15 ml

1.) Fixer:
Prepared fixer is recommended but, if you are preparing your own fixer, either use an acid hardening fixer containing sodium thiosulfate (hypo) or a rapid fixer containing ammonium thiosulfate.

2.) Conditions:
Fixing is either a one-bath or a two-bath process.
One bath: 20°C for 5-10 minutes
Two-bath: 20°C for 3-5 minutes (for each bath)

Keep the total fixing time to ten minutes or less. If the time exceeds 10 minutes, there will be bleaching of the shadow image and a slight softening of gradation. If you use a rapid fixer containing ammonium thiosulphate, fixing time should be kept to within 60-120 seconds (20° C ).

Prints should be washed for 90 minutes. While they are in the bath, take care that the prints do not become placed one on top of the other. If you use a hypo-cleaning agent, washing time can be reduced by half. For shortening washing time, after fixing, wash in running water for five minutes. Then use a 2% anhydrous sodium sulfite solution at 20° C for 2-3 minutes and wash in running water for 45 minutes.

For drying New seagull G prints, natural drying should be used. Place the prints on a clean surface and drain the water off. Then dry them by placing them on glass or some other suitable surface. If you are using a Ferro-type dryer, dry the prints using a wetting agent to remove drops of water and then slowly dry at surface temperatures of 50° C or less. If the prints are dried too rapidly, the Ferro-type dryer works less effectively and the maximum density tones of the image will be affected. If you have used a rapid fixer containing ammonium thiosulphate, you should not use a Ferro-type dryer.

New Seagull G prints can be toned using in a wide variety of ways. They are not easily damaged by contaminants and the intensity of the image is seldom lowered. However, it is important to remember that is it better to use a new non-hardening fixer and use a hypo-cleaning agent. If the objective is to store photographic images for long periods of time, selenium toners are recommended which further enhance the contrast of the shadow tones and lengthen the life of the photographic image.

Always store photographic paper in a cool, dry place. It is also effective to put a desiccant in a package which has been opened to keep the paper dry. The paper should be used quickly after the package has been opened. Be careful to avoid exposing the paper for long periods to a safelight, or letting the emulsion side come into contact with fingers.

Fiber Based Paper

By using filters, it is possible to control the tones of the finished New Seagull Select VC-FB with this variable-contrast print paper. With one type of paper, it is possible to handle a broad range of tones (#0 ~ #5). Similar to New Seagull G which has gained world-wide acclaim, you can reproduce intense white and deep black images. The product is made using baryta paper which will produce elegant prints and can be used for original prints and commercial photographs and works especially well for print archiving.

15W bulbs should be used. A Kodak OC or a Ilford S902 Safelight filter are recommended. The safelight should be at least 1.2 meter from the bed of the enlarger or developer. After exposure, be careful not to expose the emulsion side of the print to light.

In the case of VC-FB, a tungsten or halogen light source can be used. VC-FB is designed to be usable with a dichroic color head. A magenta light source produces a high contrast and a yellow light source produces low contrast. When using your own dichroic head, do some testing before making a final decision on level of contrast. (Table 1)

Correct exposure times depend on the characteristics of the negatives being printed. To get good final prints, test prints at various exposure levels should be made first. Exposure times depend on the type of filter being used. For filters ranging from #0 to 3 1/2, prints can be made at about the same exposure times. For #4 ~ #5 filters, exposure times should be 1.5 times that used for the other filters. When using a cool light head, adjustment must be made for the light source and the photographic paper by using adding a Kodak CC Filter-40Y.

ISO Speed	ISO Range
P100-400	R 60-160

Type	Base Paper	Weight	Texture	Tint	Image Tone
FB	Fiber-based	Double Weight	Glossy, Smooth	White	Jet Black

Process	Processing Temperature	Processing Time
Development	20 +/- 0.5° C	90-120 sec.
Stop Bath	18-21° C	15-30 sec.
Fixing	18-21° C	5-10 min.
Washing	18-25° C	approx. 90 min.
Drying	Natural Drying or Ferro-type dryer

For VC-FB paper, it is possible to use almost all commercially available developing solutions (D-72, etc.) The developing conditions depend on the chemicals and dilution level of the developer. Care should be taken to avoid over-developing which raises the fog and lowers contrast.

For the stop bath, a solution of 1.5% of glacial acetic acid is used.
Time: 15 to 30 seconds.
Water: 1 liter
Glacial Acetic Acid: 15 ml

Prepared fixer is recommended but, if you are preparing your own fixer, either use an acid hardening fixer containing sodium thiosulfate (hypo) or a rapid fixer containing ammonium thiosulfate.

Prints should be washed for 90 minutes. While they are in the bath, take care that the prints do not become placed one on top of the other.

If you use a hypo-cleaning agent, washing time can be reduced by half. For shortening washing time, after fixing, wash in running water for five minutes. Then use 2% anhydrous sodium sulfite solution at 20ƒ C for 2~3 minutes and wash in running water for 45 minutes.

For drying VC-FB prints, natural drying should be used. If you are using a Ferro-type dryer, set it at a temperature below 50° C.

VC-FB prints can be toned using in a wide variety of ways. If the objective is to store photographic images for long periods of time, selenium toners are recommended.

Always store photographic paper in a cool, dry place. It is also effective to put a desiccant in a package which has been opened to keep the paper dry. The paper should be used quickly after the package has been opened. Be careful to avoid exposing the paper for long periods to a safelight, or letting the emulsion side come into contact with fingers.

Oriental VC Filter	Ilford Multiple Grade Filter	Kodak CC Filter	Durst Omega d5500 Color Head
0	0	80Y	110Y
1/2	1/2	55Y	90Y
1	1	30Y	70Y
1 - 1/2	1 - 1/2	15Y	30Y
2	2	0	0
2 - 1/2	2 - 1/2	25M	30M
3	3	40M	45M
3 - 1/2	3 - 1/2	65M	55M
4	4	100M	95M
4 -1/2	4 -1/2	150M	130M
5	5	200M	170M

RP Paper

New Seagull RP-M is protected on both sides by thin polyethylene (Resin Protected). It is a high-sensitivity, jet-black tone, general-use enlarging paper.From brilliant highlights to deep blacks, it has a rich range of tones and exceptional luster. It is a paper that can be used for both commercial-quality prints as well as news shots and will give you complete satisfaction. It is especially well-suited for highly enlarged exhibition prints.

For general-use enlargers with yellow-green filters, 15W bulbs should be used and the safelight should be at least one meter from the enlarger. New Seagull RP-M is a highly sensitive paper and should not be exposed to light for long periods of time.Be careful with prints after they have been exposed to see that no further exposure takes place.

To raise processing efficiency, the sensitivity of New Seagull RP-M has been raised to a very high level. The maximum level of sensitivity gets lower as the grade number rises; #2, #3, and #4 have progressively lower maximum sensitivity levels. #3 is about 70% of #2 in sensitivity level. #4 is about 50% of #3 in sensitivity level.

For most printing paper, the density of the negative begins to fall from grades #3 and #4 and in most cases cannot be raised much by increased exposure.

Grade	ISO Speed	ISO Range
No. 2	P640	R110
No. 3	P400	R90
No. 4	P320	R70

Process	Processing Temperature	Processing Time
Development	20 +/- 0.5° C	60-90 sec.
Stop Bath	15-25° C	15-30 sec.
Fixing	15-25° C	3-5 min.
Washing	15-25° C	5-10 sec.
Drying	below 50°	30-60 sec.

The use of a pre-formulated developer fluid is most convenient. Readily available developers for prints or dual-use developers of almost any type (D-72, etc. can be used.

Type	Base Paper	Weight	Texture	Tint	Image Tone	Grade
RPM	RP	Medium Weight	Fine-matte	White	Jet Black	2-4

For the stop bath, a solution of 1.5% of glacial acetic acid is used.
Time: 15 to 30 seconds. Water: 1 liter Glacial acetic acid: 15 ml

Pre-formulated fixers are recommended for your convenience.

Fixers intended for use with widely available papers can be used. To make sure the prints will develop uniformly and not be affected by contaminants in the developer, the prints should be shaken in the developer. When the fixing time is too long, there is a danger that tone gradation will deteriorate so it is necessary to be careful. Keep the total fixing time within 3 to 5 minutes. If you use a fast fixer, the fixing time drops to between 30 seconds and 3 minutes.

The washing process can be finished in about five minutes by washing in water white stirring. The stirring should not be too strong since the corners of the prints may be damaged. If the washing is continued for too long a time, the surface of the prints may become rough.

For drying, it is best to use a warm air dryer or dry the prints in a place where there is good air circulation, using natural drying. Ferro-type dryers should not be used.

New Seagull RP-M prints can be toned in a wide variety of ways. They are not easily damaged by contaminants and the intensity of the image is seldom lowered.

Use of selenium toners (Kodak F-24, etc.) are recommended.

New Seagull RP-M has a very high level of photo-sensitivity. Therefore, it should be handled with care. Store the product at a low temperature in a proper place. Ideally, the container should contain a desiccant. The paper should be used quickly after the package has been opened. Be careful to avoid exposing the paper for long periods to a safelight, or letting the photo-sensitive gel come into contact with fingers. It is difficult to tell the front surface from the back surface of the paper so care should be taken when printing.

RP Paper

By using filters, it is possible to control the tones of the finished New Seagull Select VC-RP prints with this variable-contrast paper. With one type of paper, it is possible to handle a broad range of tones (#0~#5). New Seagull Select VC-RP is protected top and bottom by thin polyethylene, processing agents do not penetrate into the paper and wash times are dramatically shortened, making it a high-efficiency product.

Also fast drying and excellent flatness make it suitable as general-purpose printing paper.

15W bulbs should be used and Kodak OC or a Ilford S902 Safelight filter are recommended. The safelight should be at least 1.2 meter from the bed of the enlarger or developer. After exposure, be careful not to expose the emulsion side of the print to light.

In the case of VC-RP, a tungsten or halogen light source can be used. VC-RP is designed to be usable with a dichroic color head. A magenta light source produces a high contrast and a yellow light source produces low contrast. When using your own dichroic color head, do some testing before making a final decision on level of contrast. (Table 1)

Correct exposure times depend on the type of the light source of an enlarger and the characteristics of the negatives being printed. To get good final prints, test prints at various exposure levels should be made first. Exposure times depend on the type of filter being used. For filters ranging from #0 to 3 1/2, prints can be made at almost the same exposure times. For #4~#5 filters, exposure times should be 1.5 times that used for the other filters.

When using a cool light head, adjustment must be made for the light source and the photographic paper by using adding a Kodak CC Filter-40Y.

ISO Speed	ISO Range
P125-400	R50-120

Type	Base Paper	Weight	Texture	Tint	Image Tone
PR-F	RP paper	Medium	Glossy, smooth	White	Jet Black

Process	Processing Temperature	Processing Time
Development	20 +/- 0.5° C	60-90 sec.
Stop Bath	15-25° C	5-15 sec.
Fixing	15-25° C	3-5 min.
Washing	15-25° C	5-10 min.
Drying	60-70° C	30-60 sec.

For VC-RP printing paper, it is possible to use almost all commercially available developing solutions (D-72, etc.).

The developing conditions depend on the chemicals and dilution level of the developer. Care should be taken to avoid over-developing which raises the fog and lowers contrast. VC-RP is applicable to both dish development and automatic development using an auto processor.

For the stop bath, a solution of 1.5% of glacial acetic acid is used.
Time: 15 to 30 seconds. Water: 1 liter Glacial acetic acid: 15 ml

Prepared fixer is recommended but, if you are preparing your own fixer, either use an acid hardening fixer containing sodium thiosulfate.

To make sure the prints will develop uniformly and not be affected by contaminants in the developer, the prints should be shaken in the developer.

Keep the total fixing time to ten minutes or less.

If the fixing time is too long, there is a risk that the tone balance will degrade.

The washing process can be finished in about five minutes by washing in water white stirring. The stirring should not be too strong since the corners of the prints may be damaged. If the washing is continued for too long a time, the surface of the prints may become rough.

Drying is carried out using a hair dryer. It is also possible to dry the prints naturally if they can be placed in a location where there is sufficient air circulation.

High-temperature processing conditions:
New Seagull VC-RP has the properties which make it well-suited for high-speed processing.

Always store photographic paper in a cool, dry place. It is also effective to put a desiccant in a package which has been opened to keep the paper dry. The paper should be used quickly after the package has been opened. Be careful to avoid exposing the paper for long periods to a safelight, or letting the emulsion side come into contact with fingers.

Oriental VC Filter	Ilford Multiple Grade Filter	Kodak CC Filter	Durst Omega d5500 Color Head
0	0	80Y	110Y
1/2	1/2	55Y	90Y
1	1	30Y	70Y
1 - 1/2	1 - 1/2	15Y	30Y
2	2	0	0
2 - 1/2	2 - 1/2	25M	30M
3	3	40M	45M
3 - 1/2	3 - 1/2	65M	55M
4	4	100M	95M
4 -1/2	4 -1/2	150M	130M
5	5	200M	170M
Use 47B to obtain maximum contrast

FiberBase Paper

The New Seagull Select VC_FB Warmtone is a variable-contrast paper that controls finished tones through he use of filters. It enables a wide range of tones, from #0 to #5, to be handled with one type of paper. The product is made using double-weight baryta paper, which has tones comparable to those of high-quality photographic-portrait printing paper.

The elegant Oriental New Seagull VC-FB Warmtone can be used for various prints, including portraits.

Like the New Seagull G, the VC-FB Warmtone is also suitable for creating original prints.

Use a 20-W bulb and a Kodak OC or Ilford S902 safelight filter. The safelight should be at least 1.2 meters away from the enlarger and the developing tray. Be careful not to overexpose the emulsion side of the photographic printing paper.

The VC-FB Warmtone is designed for enlargers with a tungsten or other light source for variable-contrast paper. The exposure time depends on the type of enlarger light source and the characteristics of the negatives. To determine the correct exposure time, make test prints first.

Process	Solution	Temperature	Duration
Developing	Super OriTone	24 ± 0.5 °C	90-120 seconds
Stop Bath	1.5% glacial-acetic acid solution	18-24 °C	15-30 seconds
Fixing	Super OriFix	18-26 °C	30-60 seconds
Washing	Running Water	15-26 °C	89-90 minutes
Drying	See the description of Drying

The VC-FB Warmtone can be developed using virtually any commercial solution,such as Ori-Tone or Super Ori – Tone, by the normal method. The developing conditions depend on the chemicals used and the dilution level of the developer. To ensure high-quality final prints, test prints should be made first. Avoid over-developing, which increases fog and reduces contrast.

Use 1.5% glacial-acetic-acid solution. The duration is 15 – 30 seconds.

Stop solution: Water = 1 liter

Glacial acetic acid = 1.5 ml

1. Fixer - Use the prepared fixer {OriFix or Super OriFix]is recommended. If you prepare your own fixer, use either acid-hardening fixer containing sodium thiosulfate[hypo], such as OF-3, or rapid fixer containing sodium thiosulfate.
2. Conditions - Choose either the one-bath or two-bath process. If OF-3 is used, the process conditions are as specified below:

• One bath: 20*C 5 – 10 minutes
• Two bath: 20*C 3 – 5 minutes [for each bath]
• The total fixing time should not exceed ten minutes. Otherwise, the shadow images will be bleached and there will be a slight softening of gradation. If rapid fixer containing ammonium thiosulfate is used, the fixing time should be 1 – 2 minutes [20*c].

Flush the prints with water for approximately 90 minutes. Verify that no prints are on top of each other. Use of the hypo-cleaning agent reduces the washing time by 50%. If hypo-cleaning agent is used, flush the fixed prints with water for 5 minutes. Then, bathe them in the 2% anhydrous sodium sulfite solution at 20*C for 2 – 3 minutes. Finally, flush them with water for 45 minutes.

The New Seagull VC-FB Warmtone should be dried naturally. Place the prints on a clean surface and drain the water off, then dry them on the glass plate. Use blotting paper for flattening. If a Ferro-type dryer is used, set the surface temperature to 50*C or less. If the prints are dried quickly at a higher temperature, the Ferro-type dryer is less effective, and the maximum print density may be affected.

The new Seagull VC-FB Warmtone can be toned in various ways. Its toning characteristics are excellent, and the print density is hardly deteriorated. Selenium toner should be used to store photographic images for an extended period, as it further enhances the contrast of the shadow tones and lengthens the life of the photographic image. Use of non-hardening fixer [Oriental QF, Oreinta Super OriFix, or Kodak F-24[ is recommended.

The New Seagull VC-FB Warmtone is very sensitive. Exercise caution while handling it. Store the photographic printing paper in a cool, dry place. Do not expose the photographic printing paper to the safelight for an extended period. Do not touch the emulsion side so as not to damage it or leave fingerprints.

ISO Speed	ISO Range
P100-400	R60-160

 

RP Paper

New Seagull RP is protected top and bottom by thin polyethylene (Resin Protected). It is a high-sensitivity, jet black tone, general-use enlarging paper. From brilliant highlights to deep blacks, it has a rich range of tones. Since processing agents do not penetrate into the paper, wash times are dramatically shortened, making it a high-efficiency product. The surface of the product has a high degree of smoothness and there is virtually no dimensional distortion, making it an easy-to-use paper.

For general-use enlargers with yellow-green filters, 15W bulbs should be used and the safelight should be at least one meter from the enlarger. New Seagull RP is a very high-sensitive paper and should not be exposed more than 10 minutes.

Be careful with prints after they have been exposed.

To raise processing efficiency, the sensitivity of New Seagull RP has been raised to a very high level. The maximum level of sensitivity gets lower as the grade number rises; #2, #3, and #4 have progressively lower maximum sensitivity levels. #3 is about 70% of #2 in sensitivity level. #4 is about 50% of #3 in sensitivity level.

For most printing paper, the density of the negative begins to raised much by increased exposure.

Grade	ISO Speed	ISO Range
No. 2	P640	R110
No. 3	P400	R90
No. 4	P320	R70

Process	Processing Temperature	Processing Time
Development	20 +/- 0.5° C	60-90 sec.
Stop Bath	15-25° C	5-15 sec.
Fixing	15-25° C	3-5 min.
Washing	15-25° C	5-10 min.
Drying	60-70° C	30-60 sec.

Type	Base Paper	Weight	Texture	Tint	Image Tone	Grade
F	RP paper	Medium	Glossy, Smooth	White	Jet Black	2-4
R	RP paper	Medium	Glossy, Smooth	White	Jet Black	2-4

For New Seagull RP paper, it is possible to use almost all commercially available developers or use standard formulations (D-72, etc.) without changing the performance of the product.

For the stop bath, a solution of 1.5% of glacial acetic acid is used.
Time: 15 to 30 seconds. Water: 1 liter Glacial acetic acid: 15 ml

Prepared fixer is recommended but, if you are preparing your own fixer, either use an acid hardening fixer containing sodium thiosulfate (hypo) or a rapid fixer containing ammonium thiosulfate.

To make sure the prints will develop uniformly and not be affected by contaminants in the developer, the prints should be shaken in the developer.

Keep the total fixing time to ten minutes or less.

If the fixing time is too long, there is a risk that the tone balance will degrade.

The washing process can be finished in about five minutes by washing in water white stirring. The stirring should not be too strong since the corners of the prints may be damaged. If the washing is continued for too long a time, the surface of the prints may become rough.

Drying is carried out using a hair dryer. It is also possible to dry the prints naturally if they can be placed in a location where there is sufficient air circulation.

Ferro-type dryers cannot be used.

Process	Processing Temperature	Processing Time
Development	30 +/- 0.5° C	30 sec.
Fixing	30 +/- 0.5° C	30 sec.
Washing	-	60 sec
Drying	50-60° C	-

Always store photographic paper in a cool, dry place. It is also effective to put a desiccant in a package which has been opened to keep the paper dry. The paper should be used quickly after the package has been opened. Be careful to avoid exposing the paper for long periods to a safelight, or letting the emulsion side come into contact with fingers.